How Long Does It Take for Mango to Make Clothes Available Again

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• Published: 14 July 2015

Extraction of eco-friendly natural dyes from mango leaves and their application on silk textile

Textiles and Wearable Sustainability volume ane, Commodity number:7 (2015) Cite this article

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Abstract

The aim of the report was to evaluate the performance of dyes extracted from mango leaves in silk dyeing. Extraction medium was optimized by extracting dyes from fixed quantity of crushed leaves under pH values from three to 12. The maximum relative color strength of the extracted dye liquor was found to be at pH 10. The optimum dye extraction conditions i.e., the temperature, time, and material-to-liquor ratio were found to be 98 °C, threescore min, and 1:10, respectively. Dyeing was carried out with the optimized dye extract on mordanted and unmordanted silk fabrics. The dyed materials were evaluated by measuring the color yield and fastness backdrop. Information technology was concluded that the color values were found to be influenced by the addition of mordants, consequently different way hues were obtained from the same dye extract using different mordants. It can also be said that mango leaves take good potentiality for dyeing of silk fabric.

Background

Textile dyeing industry at present uses excessive amount of synthetic dyes to meet the required coloration of global consumption of textiles due to cheaper prices, wider ranges of brilliant shades, and considerably improved fastness properties in comparing to natural dyes (El-Nagar et al. 2005; Iqbal et al. 2008). But the production of synthetic dyes is dependent on petrochemical source, and some of these dyes contain carcinogenic amines (Hunger 2003). The awarding of such dyes causes serious health hazards and influences negatively the eco-balance of nature (Bruna and Maria 2013; Goodarzian and Ekrami 2010; Jothi 2008). Moreover, many countries already imposed stringent environment standards over these dyes. For instance, Germany has banned the azo dyes (Almahy et al. 2013). In this situation, a higher demand is put towards the greener alternatives or agronomical residues (Ammayappan et al. 2014). As a result, natural dyes are among the promising options for developing a greener textile dyeing process and such interest is reflected to the increased number of recent publications. Plant leaves are potential sources of natural dyes because of their easy availability and abundant nature.

Silk has been known equally the "queen of fibers" since its discovery. Dress made from silk are luxurious and accept many excellent qualities including the cloth'south luster, lite weight, superior mechanical functioning, fine and polish texture, splendid moisture transportation, and excellent draping quality (Cai et al. 2001). Mango bark has been reported to exist used on silk and cotton fiber materials as a source of natural dyes, and a wide range of colors have been produced using different mordants (Bains et al. 2003; Win and Swe 2008). On the other manus, the use of acid activated mango leaf powder (MLP) has been reported in another study for the removal of the Rhodamine B (RB) dye from aqueous solution (Khan et al. 2011). However, apart from this application of mango leaves, different leaves such as peach, poinsettia, acalypha, and parthenium leaves have also been reported to extract colors which were used in dyeing of silk materials (Mahajan et al. 2005; Rawat et al. 2006; Saravanan et al. 2013; Suneeta and Mahale 2002) while mango leaves have been reported to exist used in batik painting technique on silk fabric in comparing with other iv natural dyes (Klaichoi and Padungtos 2010). In that location is telescopic to extract colour from mango leaves for the utilize in dyeing of silk fabric in order to get different mode hues. The aim of the enquiry was to evaluate the performance of dyes extracted from mango leaves in silk dyeing. The specific objectives were to analyze the aqueous extraction process of the dyes, to explore the possibilities of producing stylish hues from the dyes using unlike mordants, to compare betwixt unmordanted and mordanted dyed fabrics, to analyze the colour values, and to assess the colour fastness backdrop of dyed fabric.

Methods

Materials

Mango leaves used for the extraction purpose was collected from Roads & Highways Department, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Mangiferin as shown in Fig. 1 (1,3,6,seven-tetrahydroxyxanthone-C-ii-β-D-glucoside) was the chemical responsible (Luo et al. 2012) for providing colour from mango leaves.

Fig. 1

Chemical structure of mangiferin

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Obviously weave (1/ane) raw silk fabric (22 1000/k² material) purchased from Sopura Silk Express, Dhaka, was used for this study.

Extraction

The leaves were washed thoroughly with water to remove dirt. They were dried under direct sunlight and grinded into very modest units with the help of a grinding machine. The wastages are removed using a fine strainer, and finally, weight was taken. Later drying, crushing, and removing wastages, the weight of 1 kilogram leaves was found to be 318 gram. Raw, dried, and crushed leaves are shown in Fig. 2.

Fig. 2

(a) Raw, (b) dried, and (c) crushed mango leaves

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The color component was extracted from the leaves in aqueous extraction process. Extraction was carried out with stock-still quantity of crushed leaves (10 gram) under x different pH values from pH 3 to 12 with a liquor ratio of 1:ten (Weight of crushed leaves in gram; amount of water in milliliter) at 98 °C for 60 min to optimize extraction medium. In each procedure of extraction, the mixture was cooled down and finally the dye extracts were filtered with fine filter newspaper three times to ensure clear dye solution.

The dye extracts obtained at different pH values were used for obtaining standard calibration curves through their absorbance values plant using a dual axle reflectance spectrophotometer. The dilution of the extracts was carried out for the linear dependence on the concentration-absorbance relation at an absorbance superlative (λ _max). The absorbance values of extracted dye liquors nether alkaline (pH viii–12) and acidic (pH 3–6) conditions were considered as batches, and relative color strength values of these batch solutions were measured from the spectrophotometer past comparison with the absorbance value of extracted dye liquor nether neutral status (pH 7) which was considered as standard.

Once more, the dye extract which gave the maximum color strength was utilized to optimize the extraction levels of temperature, fourth dimension, and material-to-liquor ratio. An orthogonal pattern of experiments was undertaken for this purpose.

Degumming

Raw silk material was degummed in an aqueous solution containing soap (xv g/L), sequestering agent (one chiliad/L), and wetting agent (1 1000/L) maintaining the bath at pH ix. The material-to-liquor ratio during the treatment was maintained at i:50. The temperature was gradually raised to fourscore °C and run for threescore min. The degummed fabric was washed with 2 g/L detergent at 65 °C for ten min.

Bleaching

The degummed textile was bleached by treating with 35 % hydrogen peroxide (three mL/Fifty), sequestering agent (1 g/L), wetting agent (1 one thousand/L), and trisodium phosphate (2 k/L), maintaining a cloth-to-liquor ratio of i:50 at pH 9 and temperature 60 °C for sixty min followed by washing with 2 k/L detergent at 65 °C for 10 min. CIE whiteness index of the bleached fabric was constitute to be 63.26.

Mordanting

Pre-mordanting was carried out on silk fabric using 5 % (on fabric weight) of ferrous sulfate, alum (potassium aluminum sulfate), and tin (stannous chloride) mordants individually and using four dissimilar combinations of mordants such as ferrous sulfate-alum (2.v + 2.5 %), ferrous sulfate-alum-tin (2 + two + 1 %), alum-tin (ii.5 + two.5 %), and alum-tin can-tannic acid (two + 2 + ane %) at 60 °C for threescore min keeping a material-to-liquor ratio of 1:30. Once again, cream of tartar (CT) was used equally a mordant banana (Mortazavi et al. 2012) with stannous chloride, written as tin-CT.

Dyeing

Dyeing was carried out IR sample dyeing car with the optimized dye excerpt as per standard parameters recommended for silk textile, reported in Clariant manual, i.due east., at lxxx °C for sixty min nether pH 5, keeping a material-to-liquor ratio of 1:fifty. Opticid PSD (ane.5 g/L) was used as a buffering agent in the extracted dye liquor.

Color yield of dyed fabrics

Dyed samples were analyzed by measuring the reflectance bend between 350 and 750 nm with the spectrophotometer with illuminant D₆₅ at 10⁰ observer. The minimum of the curve (R _min) was used to decide the ratio of calorie-free absorption (K) and besprinkle (South) via the Kubelka-Munk function (Mcdonald 1997).

$$ {\left(\frac{K}{S}\right)}_{\mathrm{Dyed}}=\frac{{\left(1-{R}_{\min}\right)}^2}{two{R}_{\min }}. $$

(i)

Color coordinates of dyed fabrics

The color coordinates of the dyed samples were determined based on the CIELab system via the spectrophotometer. In addition, ∆Eastward_CMC value was determined to bear witness the color difference between mordanted and unmordanted samples.

Color fastness

Washing and calorie-free fastness tests were carried out in ISO 105 C02 and ISO 105 B02 method, respectively.

Results and word

Color force of extracted dye liquors

Optimum pH was selected based on the relative color strength value of the extracted dye liquor at which maximum color was extracted. Changes in colour strength were found due to changes in pH as shown in Table i.

Table i Relative color strength of extracted dye liquors at pH three to12

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Information technology can exist seen from the extraction results that the extracted solution showed maximum color forcefulness at pH 10 which was 108.5. Information technology was as well institute that from the neutral condition (pH seven), relative colour strength values gradually decreased up to pH 4 and so increased at pH 3. The reason of extracting more coloring component in alkaline medium was due to the presence of acidic phenolic groups in mangiferin which reacted with alkali and formed more soluble salts in water every bit shown in Fig. iii. The solubility of the coloring component was increased due to the increased ionization of hydroxyl (phenoxide) groups in alkaline medium (Ali 2007).

Fig. 3

Reaction of mangiferin with caustic soda

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Over again, increasing the pH from neutral status improved the color strength of the extracted dye liquors upward to a certain point. A further increase in alkaline pH resulted in decrease in the color strength of the extract. This decline in color force was due to the loftier reactivity of mangiferin in concentrated element of group i medium (Spyroudis 2000).

Furthermore, the jail cell wall of leaves is composed of cellulosic fabric which gains anionic charge under alkaline metal medium. Because of these anionic repulsive forces among the cell walls, they lose their force and ruptured hands (Ali 2007). In addition, every bit the observed leafage dyes take polyphenolic chromophoric construction, hence ameliorate extractions were observed using aqueous method (Sivakumar et al. 2009a, b).

Study of pH stability of dye extracts

It was noticeable during extraction that pH of the extraction bathroom changed gradually with time. Table two shows the pH variation after filtration and with time elapsed.

Table 2 Changes in pH at the extraction procedure

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pH was found to be decreased in all the extraction baths from pH iii to 12. This was due to the release of acidic colour components from the leaves during extraction. From the neutral pH bath where the pH was ready 7, the higher the alkalinity of the extraction bath, the greater was the pH drop rate. The drop rate became gradually slower while gradually budgeted to more acidic bath from neutral bath. The pH was besides measured after 24 h of the filtration process to notice the stability of the extracted bath at acidic pH, and no major noticeable change was reported.

Again, the dyes can show resonating form and give different tones with the change in pH because for natural dyes, pH changes very often. Furthermore, silk dyeing is recommended to exist carried out in acidic medium as silk is sensitive to alkaline medium of dyeing, but extraction of the mangiferin dyes was optimized at alkaline metal pH. Therefore, the stability of the dyes after extraction is of importance.

Optimization of aqueous extraction conditions

The levels for each of the iii factors in the orthogonal design of experiments are shown in Table three. The extraction experiments were performed under optimum pH condition (pH = 10). The results of the orthogonal design of experiments are shown in Table iv.

Table iii Factors and levels in orthogonal pattern of experiment for aqueous extraction

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Table four The absorbance values and range analysis from orthogonal experiment

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Optimum factors: A₃B₂C_i,

Absorbance = 1.041.

The optimum extraction conditions were 98 °C for temperature factor, 60 min for time factor, and 1:10 for textile-to-liquor ratio. It has been establish that dye liquor extracted under optimum conditions had the maximum absorbance value, which was ane.041. From the range analysis of the boilerplate absorbance results as shown in Table 4, the about influential cistron of extraction was material-to-liquor ratio, while extraction time gene was the least influential.

Dyed samples

The use of mordants and their combinations produced unlike shades on silk textile which are shown in Table 5.

Table 5 Shades of dyed silk

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Colour measurements of dyed fabrics

The results of color measurements of the dyed silks are shown in Table six.

Table 6 Color yield, color coordinates, and color deviation of dyed fabrics

Full size tabular array

K/South value of the unmordanted dyed sample was found to be 11.85. This dye uptake on the silk fiber is attributed to the structural features of the fiber. All the same, in the mordanting method, mordant resulted in improved color yield of the dyed fabrics, except tin. Ferrous sulfate as a mordant significantly increased the color yield of silk. The K/South value was found to be 17.46 using ferrous sulfate which showed the maximum relative surface color strength value of 147.4 % considering the unmordanted dyed sample as reference. Besides, using alum with ferrous sulfate, and tin and alum with ferrous sulfate as a combination, colour strengths were institute to exist 140.3 % (K/South = 16.62) and 121.vii % (K/S = xiv.42), respectively.

In single mordanting process of silk, the order of color yield was found to be ferrous sulfate > alum > tin. It was obvious that color yield gradually decreased when approached from ferrous sulfate to can. Once more, among the four different combinations of mordants, the social club was found to be ferrous sulfate-alum > alum-tin can-tannic acid > ferrous sulfate-alum-tin > alum-tin.

The add-on of ferrous sulfate mordant increased the greenness quality 21.58 % when compared with the reference dyed sample. Tin can reduced 22.23 % redness while tin-CT increased 34.05 % redness of the reference dyed sample. Again, from b* values, information technology was noticed that all the ferrous sulfate mordanted samples were bluer than the reference samples while tin can-CT and alum-can-TA mordanted samples increased yellowness of dyed fabric. The colour saturation value (C*) were institute to be least in ferrous sulfate mordanted sample (viii.7) whereas the values were found to be maximum in the instance of alum (32.3) and can-CT (32.half-dozen) mordanted samples. Moreover, the hue angles lie within 67.8° to 83.7°, so all of the dyed samples were closer to yellowish shade than the crimson. Higher colour divergence (∆Eastward _CMC) was noticeable between reference and ferrous sulfate mordanted samples, and the departure reduced from ferrous sulfate to alum and so alum to can as shown in Table 6.

The presence of hydroxyl or carbonyl groups in dye construction is capable to course metal complex with the positively charged metals. Dye anions and metal cations take strong attraction towards positively charged amino and negatively charged carboxyl groups of silk, respectively. Hence, they form ionic bonding betwixt dye and fiber, metallic and fiber, and finally dye and metal ions. The dye-metal complex also forms coordinate bonds with the uncharged amine (−NH₂) groups of silk as shown in Fig. 4. In addition, one molecule of dye can form a bond with i site of fiber molecule while i molecule of mordant tin can form bonds with ii or more molecules of dyes. Therefore, these are some of the different features indicating application of mordants increased the color yield (Bhattacharya and Shah 2000; Temani et al. 2011; Uddin 2014).

Fig. four

Structure of mangiferin with ferrous sulfate on silk

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Again, ferrous sulfate every bit a transition metal having coordination number half dozen forms a large number of complexes with the dye molecules (Mongkholrattanasit and Punrattanasin 2012). Every bit a upshot, when they interact with the silk fiber, some coordination sites remain gratuitous, and at that fourth dimension, amino and carboxylic groups on the cobweb can occupy these complimentary sites. Thus, ferrous sulfate can form a ternary complex on one site with the fiber and in some other site with the dye (Fig. 4). This strong coordination tendency tin can enhance interaction between the fiber and the dye (Bhattacharya and Shah 2000). This resulted in higher dye uptake likewise as shade change due to mordanting with ferrous sulfate (Uddin 2014).

In contrast, aluminum and tin can salts formed weak coordination complexes with the dyes. This tends to course quite stiff bonds with the dye molecule but not with the cobweb (Cotton wool and Wilkinson 1972). Thus, they block the dye and reduce its interaction with the fiber. This is the reason behind the lower K/Due south values in the case of aluminum and tin salts than those obtained from ferrous sulfate. Moreover, CT as an assistant increased the colour yield from 11.xvi to xiii.19 when used with tin. CT is chemically potassium hydrogen tartrate which tin be used in add-on to dyes and mordants to alter the pH in order to change colors and to help the absorption of the mordant metal (Mortazavi et al. 2012).

Fastness results

Washing fastness

The results of washing and low-cal fastness of the dyed fabrics are shown in Tabular array 7.

Table 7 Washing and light fastness of dyed fabrics

Full size table

The unmordated dyed silk showed color change rating of iv. This tin be explained that the good fastness to washing for the sample dyed without mordant was due to the affinity of coloring component through H-bonding and van der Waals forces. Using mordants, the colour change ratings were plant to be inside three/iv to 5, where a rating of 5 (excellent) was institute using can-CT mordant. The ratings were found to be 4/5 in the case of using alum and alum-tin. And so it can be said that the overall ratings of color change were skilful. Every bit wash fastness is influenced by the rate of diffusion of dye molecules and land of dyes within the cobweb, dyes has a tendency to aggregate inside the cobweb. Thus, their molecular size is increased resulting in good wash fastness. In add-on, in the case of mordanted samples, complexing with mordant also has the event of insolubilizing the dye, making it color fast.

On the other manus, the color staining ratings were found to exist from 4/v to 5 for all the dyed fabrics, except when ferrous sulfate and its combinations were used every bit mordant. In that location were very slight staining observed on to the next wool cobweb of the multifiber fabric in the case of ferrous sulfate and its combination samples where the ratings were 4 and almost no staining on the other fibers of the multifiber fabric.

Light fastness

Light fastness as shown in Table 7 was found to exist better, and among those, the everyman ratings attained were v in the case of tin and alum-tin combination while the unmordanted dyed fabric showed a rating of 6.

In the example of metallic mordants, ferrous sulfate mordanted samples dyed with the mango leafage extracts showed excellent light fastness. This happened due to the formation of a complex with transition metal which protected the chromophore from photolytic degradation. The photons sorbed past the chromophoric group dissipated their energy by resonating within the 6-fellow member ring thus formed and, hence, protecting the dyes. Thus, ferrous sulfate tin can bind with more dye molecules than alum or tin. During exposure to light, the fabrics mordanted with ferrous sulfate, alum, or tin may accept the same number of dye molecules destroyed. Just equally the fabrics mordanted with ferrous sulfate had deeper shades due to bonding with more than number of dye molecules, it seemed to fade less compared to the fabric mordanted with alum or tin.

Conclusions

This study was planned in search of greener alternative to satisfy the consumers' growing demand of eco-friendly products, and progress has been made with this study in the use of mango leaves extracts. The maximum relative color force of the extracted dye liquor was found to be at pH 10. But the extracted dye liquors have shown good pH stability in acidic conditions. It was shown that dissimilar style hues were obtained on silk textile from the same dye extract using mordants and their combinations. Once more, color yields were establish to be influenced by the addition of mordants. In single mordanting, the social club of color yield was ferrous sulfate > alum > tin. In combined mordanting, the lodge was ferrous sulfate-alum > alum-tin-tannic acid > ferrous sulfate-alum-tin > alum-can. Other colour values were as well found to be influenced due to mordanting. Washing and lite fastness properties were found to be from proficient to excellent in most of the cases. Thus, on the ground of the results, it can be said that mango leaves have skillful telescopic for application on silk fabrics.

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1. Section of Material Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ahsanullah Academy of Scientific discipline and Engineering science, Dhaka, 1208, People's republic of bangladesh

   Mohammad Gias Uddin

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Correspondence to Mohammad Gias Uddin.

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The author declares that he has no competing involvement.

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Uddin, M.G. Extraction of eco-friendly natural dyes from mango leaves and their application on silk material. Text Fabric Sustain one, 7 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40689-015-0007-9

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• Received: 06 April 2015

• Accepted: 02 June 2015

• Published: xiv July 2015

• DOI : https://doi.org/10.1186/s40689-015-0007-nine

Keywords

• Ferrous Sulfate
• Silk Fiber
• Silk Material
• Mangiferin
• Calorie-free Fastness

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